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The isolation of influenza virus 80 years ago in 1933 very quickly led to the development of the first generation of live-attenuated vaccines. The first inactivated influenza vaccine was monovalent (influenza A). In 1942, a bivale...
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The isolation of influenza virus 80 years ago in 1933 very quickly led to the development of the first generation of live-attenuated vaccines. The first inactivated influenza vaccine was monovalent (influenza A). In 1942, a bivalent vaccine was produced after the discovery of influenza B. It was later discovered that influenza viruses mutated leading to antigenic changes. Since 1973, the WHO has issued annual recommendations for the composition of the influenza vaccine based on results from surveillance systems that identify currently circulating strains. In 1978, the first trivalent vaccine included two influenza A strains and one influenza B strain. Currently, there are two influenza B lineages circulating; in the latest WHO recommendations, it is suggested that a second B strain could be added to give a quadrivalent vaccine. The history of influenza vaccine and the associated technology shows how the vaccine has evolved to match the evolution of influenza viruses.
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Influenza infection is associated with many complications, which can lead to hospitalizations and death. This is particularly true for the older adults who are not able to mount as good an immune response as younger adults due to ...
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Influenza infection is associated with many complications, which can lead to hospitalizations and death. This is particularly true for the older adults who are not able to mount as good an immune response as younger adults due to their declining immune function. As such, different strategies are being evaluated to increase immunogenicity in the older adults, including use of adjuvanted vaccines and different delivery techniques, which can enhance immunogenicity as well as potentially be dose-sparing. The objective of this paper was to conduct a systematic review of studies that evaluated the efficacy (in terms of immunogenicity) and safety of intradermal (ID) influenza vaccines compared with traditional methods of administration in the general population and the older adults. Thirteen randomized, controlled, open-label trials were included in this systematic review. Seven trials were conducted in young adults 18-60 years of age, 4 trials were studied in older subjects >60 years, and 2 trials included both young and older adults, of which one did separate analyses for both groups and one did a separate analysis for the older adult population only. We found 7 studies out of 8 for the 18-60-year olds and 4 out of 6 studies in the over 60-year olds showed comparable efficacy between ID and intramuscular (IM) administration. Two out of 6 studies in the over 60-year olds showed superiority of ID administration over IM. Rates of adverse events occurring in the first 3 days were comparable between ID and IM administration of influenza vaccines; however, when assessing adverse events occurring in the first 7 days, rates of local adverse events were consistently higher in the ID group, specifically erythema, swelling, induration, and pruritis. In conclusion, our review shows comparable efficacy between ID and IM administration of influenza vaccine in both the younger and older adults. Copyright Copyright 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Introduction: Vaccination against influenza on an annual basis is widely recommended, yet recent studies suggest consecutive vaccination may reduce vaccine effectiveness (VE).
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Background: Pregnancy is considered to be an important risk factor for severe complications following influenza virus infection. As a consequence, WHO recommendations prioritize pregnant women over other risk groups for influenza ...
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Background: Pregnancy is considered to be an important risk factor for severe complications following influenza virus infection. As a consequence, WHO recommendations prioritize pregnant women over other risk groups for influenza vaccination. However, the risk associated with pregnancy has not been systematically quantified.
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Background: A lower conversion vaccination rate and a more rapid decline in antibody titers over time in dialysis patients raise concerns about the effectiveness of pneumococcal vaccination (PV) in this population, which has not b...
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Background: A lower conversion vaccination rate and a more rapid decline in antibody titers over time in dialysis patients raise concerns about the effectiveness of pneumococcal vaccination (PV) in this population, which has not been systematically reviewed.
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Winter is approaching in the southern hemisphere and it is time to roll out the annual discussion and implementation of influenza vaccination. The protective efficacy of vaccination in reducing the incidence of acute infection fro...
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Winter is approaching in the southern hemisphere and it is time to roll out the annual discussion and implementation of influenza vaccination. The protective efficacy of vaccination in reducing the incidence of acute infection from influenza, deaths from pneumonia and influenza, and all-cause mortality in the elderly has been known for many years. New studies in the past year or so have demonstrated some longer-term benefits of vaccination. In a Cochrane review, influenza vaccine was shown to significantly reduce the frequency of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In a review of cohort studies and a randomised controlled trial, annual influenza vaccine was shown to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and all-cause mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease. In a study of 17393 adults hospitalised because of community-acquired pneumonia over a 4-year period, prior influenza vaccine was associated with improved survival.
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Objectives MF59-adjuvanted standard-dose and nonadjuvanted high-dose seasonal influenza vaccines have been developed to protect the elderly at high risk of severe complications. This study aimed to summarize the available evidence...
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Objectives MF59-adjuvanted standard-dose and nonadjuvanted high-dose seasonal influenza vaccines have been developed to protect the elderly at high risk of severe complications. This study aimed to summarize the available evidence on the comparative efficacy/effectiveness of these two vaccines. Methods A systematic literature review of experimental and observational studies were conducted according to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines. When possible, the extracted effect sizes were pooled in random-effects meta-analyses. Results Ten studies were identified. Of these, no head-to-head randomized controlled trials were identified. All available studies had retrospective cohort design and large sample sizes, were conducted in the United States between the 2016-2017 and 2019-2020 seasons, and were at moderate risk of bias. Relative effectiveness estimates were limited to nonlaboratory-confirmed clinical end points, such as medical encounters including hospitalizations. Although most pooled relative effectiveness estimates were close to null, few statistically significant pooled effect sizes were small in magnitude, moved in opposite directions, and depended on the study sponsor and specificity of influenza-related outcomes. Conclusion At present, MF59-adjuvanted standard-dose and nonadjuvanted high-dose vaccines appear to have similar effectiveness in preventing seasonal influenza in the elderly, and no conclusive recommendations on the preference of one vaccine over another could be drawn.
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Introduction Vaccination is considered to be the most practical and effective preventative measure against influenza. It is highly recommended for population subgroups most at risk of developing complications, including pregnant w...
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Introduction Vaccination is considered to be the most practical and effective preventative measure against influenza. It is highly recommended for population subgroups most at risk of developing complications, including pregnant women. However, seasonal influenza vaccine uptake remains suboptimal among pregnant women, even in jurisdictions with universal vaccination. We summarized the evidence on the determinants of seasonal influenza vaccine uptake during pregnancy to better understand factors that influence vaccine uptake among pregnant women.
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Vaccination is the main public health intervention to prevent influenza. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of influenza vaccination including systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies and randomized ...
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Vaccination is the main public health intervention to prevent influenza. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of influenza vaccination including systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Peer-reviewed systematic reviews with meta-analyses of prospective studies that investigated the association of influenza vaccination with any health-related outcome, as well as RCTs that investigated the efficacy and safety of influenza vaccination, were included. Among 1240 references, 6 meta-analyses were included. In cohort studies of community-dwelling older people influenza vaccination was associated with a lower risk of hospitalization for heart disease and for influenza/pneumonia (strength of evidence: convincing). Evidence in lowering the risk of mortality in community-dwelling older people, of all deaths/severe respiratory diseases in high risk community-dwelling older people and of hospitalization for influenza/pneumonia in case-control studies, was highly suggestive. In RCTs, influenza vaccination, compared to placebo/no intervention, was associated to higher risk of local tenderness/sore arm and to a reduced risk of influenza like-illness. Both these associations showed moderate evidence using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation). In conclusion, influenza vaccination in older people seems safe and effective. Further, the evidence on safety and efficacy of vaccines in this population might benefit by an extension of the follow-up period both in RCTs and in longitudinal studies, beyond the usual 6-month period, in order to be able to evaluate the impact of vaccination on long term outcomes.
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Objectives: In 2019, a new coronavirus has been identified and many efforts have been directed toward the development of effective vaccines. However, the willingness for vaccination is deeply influenced by several factors. So the ...
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Objectives: In 2019, a new coronavirus has been identified and many efforts have been directed toward the development of effective vaccines. However, the willingness for vaccination is deeply influenced by several factors. So the aim of our review was to analyze the theme of vaccine hesitancy during COVID-19 pandemic, with a particular focus on vaccine hesitancy toward COVID-19 vaccine.
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